High-frequency Optimally Windowed Chirp rheometry for rapidly evolving viscoelastic materials: application to a crosslinking thermoset

Abstract

Abstract Knowledge of the evolution of mechanical properties of the curing matrix is of great importance in composite parts or structure fabrication. Conventional rheometry, based on small amplitude oscillatory shear is limited by long interrogation times. In rapidly evolving materials, time sweeps can provide a meaningful measurement albeit at a single frequency. To overcome this constraint we utilize a combined frequency and amplitude-modulated chirped strain waveform in conjunction with a home-made sliding plate piezo-operated (PZR) and a dual-head commercial rotational rheometer (Anton Paar MCR 702) to probe the linear viscoelasticity of these time-evolving materials. The direct controllability of the PZR resulting from the absence of any kind of firmware and the microsecond actuator-sensor response renders this device ideal for exploring the advantages of this technique. The high frequency capability allows us to extend the upper limits of the accessible linear viscoelastic spectrum and most importantly, to shorten the length of the interrogating strain signal (OWCh-PZR) to sub-second scales, while retaining a high time-bandwidth product. This short duration ensures that the mutation number (NMu) is kept sufficiently low, even in fast curing resins. The method is validated via calibration tests in both instruments and the corresponding limitations are discussed. As a proof of concept the technique is applied to a curing vinylester resin. The linear viscoelastic (LVE) spectrum is assessed every 20 seconds to monitor the rapid evolution of the time- and frequency-dependence of the complex modulus. Finally, FTIR spectroscopy is utilized to gain insights on the evolution of the chemical network while the gap-dependence of the evolving material properties in these heterogeneous systems is also investigated.