Sum-of-norms regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Andersen Ang; Waqas Bin Hamed; Hans De Sterck

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arXiv · 2407.00706

Sum-of-norms regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Andersen Ang·Waqas Bin Hamed·Hans De Sterck

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Abstract

When applying nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), the rank parameter is generally unknown. This rank, called the nonnegative rank, is usually estimated heuristically since computing its exact value is NP-hard. In this work, we propose an approximation method to estimate the rank on-the-fly while solving NMF. We use the sum-of-norm (SON), a group-lasso structure that encourages pairwise similarity, to reduce the rank of a factor matrix when the initial rank is overestimated. On various datasets, SON-NMF can reveal the correct nonnegative rank of the data without prior knowledge or parameter tuning. SON-NMF is a nonconvex, nonsmooth, non-separable, and non-proximable problem, making it nontrivial to solve. First, since rank estimation in NMF is NP-hard, the proposed approach does not benefit from lower computational complexity. Using a graph-theoretic argument, we prove that the complexity of SON-NMF is essentially irreducible. Second, the per-iteration cost of algorithms for SON-NMF can be high. This motivates us to propose a first-order BCD algorithm that approximately solves SON-NMF with low per-iteration cost via the proximal average operator. SON-NMF exhibits favorable features for applications. Besides the ability to automatically estimate the rank from data, SON-NMF can handle rank-deficient data matrices and detect weak components with small energy. Furthermore, in hyperspectral imaging, SON-NMF naturally addresses the issue of spectral variability.

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BibTeX RIS

Andersen Ang, Waqas Bin Hamed, Hans De Sterck. 2025-09-22. Sum-of-norms regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.00706

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