Linear polarization study of open clusters towards the anticenter direction: Signature of the spiral arms

Abstract

Our objective is to investigate the distribution of dust and associated large-scale structures of the Galaxy using optical linear polarization measurements of various open clusters located at different distances in the Galactic anticenter direction. We present R-band linear polarization observations of stars towards five open clusters: Kronberger~1, Berkeley~69, Berkeley~71, Berkeley~19, and King~8 in the anticenter direction. The polarization observations were carried out using AIMPOL instrument mounted on the 104 cm Sampurnanand telescope of ARIES, Nainital, making it the first study to target the polarization observations towards distant clusters ($\sim$6~kpc). We combined the observed polarization data with the distance information from the Gaia space telescope to infer the dust distribution along the line of sight. The variation in the degree of polarization and extinction with distance reveals the presence of multiple dust layers along each cluster direction. In addition, common foreground dust layers detected towards different cluster directions highlight the presence of global features such as spiral arms. Our results show that the dust clouds at 2~kpc towards Berkeley~69 and Berkeley~71 coincide with the Perseus arm, while the dust layer at $\sim$4~kpc towards distant clusters, Berkeley~19 and King~8, indicates the presence of the Outer arm. The large-scale dust distribution obtained by combining our polarization results with the previous polarization studies of nearby open clusters suggests that the anticenter direction is characterized by low extinction, homogeneous dust distribution with somewhat uniform orientation of the plane-of-sky component of the magnetic field along the line of sight. Our study demonstrates the utility of polarization as a tool to study the large-scale dust distribution.