Do We Live in an Antigravity Universe?

Abstract

In arXiv:2401.10954 I showed that, in the context of antigravity (i.e., matter and antimatter repel gravitationally), quark/lepton mass-energy is matter and antiquark/antilepton mass-energy is antimatter while the mass-energy of the intermediate vector bosons (e.g., the photon and $W^+$) also has to be considered matter. One consequence of this is that the antiproton (and, hence, the antineutron) is dominantly composed of matter since some two-thirds of its mass is gluonic. Under this premise I found that the gravitational acceleration of antihydrogen would be $a_{\bar{H}}=(0.33^{+0.23}_{-0.11})g$. This is to be compared to the ALPHA-g result of $a_{\bar{H}}=(0.75\pm 0.13~({\rm stat.+syst.})\pm 0.16~({\rm simulation}))g$. In this article I explore the cosmological implications of this definition of matter and antimatter. This leads to a quite different antigravity universe than previous analyses with, for example, equal amounts of hydrogen and antihydrogen but far fewer antistars than stars. I examine the observations used to extract various parameters of the $\Lambda$CDM model of the universe and show that they are potentially consistent with the characteristics of the antigravity universe. A precise version of antigravity, one which must include General Relativity, is needed to generate a fully consistent, predictive model of the antigravity universe but even without it the antigravity scenario outlined here naturally leads to a rich phenomenology including different acceleration and expansion rates between the early universe and the present, MOND-like galaxy rotation curves, cosmic voids, and more.