The macroscopic shape of Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns and free probability

Abstract

A compression is a function $F:\mathbb{R}\times[0,1]\to[0,1]$ such that each $F(\cdot,τ)$ is the distribution function of a measure of mass $τ$, while each $F(x,\cdot)$ is increasing and $1$-Lipschitz. Compressions are continuum analogues of Gelfand--Tsetlin patterns: if $(t_{k,j})_{ 0 \leq j \leq k \leq n}$ is a Gelfand--Tsetlin pattern, setting $F(t_{k,j},k/n) = j/n$ and interpolating creates a compression. For a differentiable compression $F$, we define the compression entropy \begin{align*} \mathcal{H}[F] :=\int_{-\infty}^\infty\int_0^1 F_x \left\{-\log F_x+\log\sin(πF_τ)+1-\logπ\right\} \mathrm{d}τ\mathrm{d}x. \end{align*} If $μ$ is absolutely continuous and compactly supported, we prove \begin{equation*} \sup\left\{\mathcal{H}[F]:F \text{ compression}, F(\cdot,1)\text{ is the distribution function of }μ\right\} =χ[μ], \end{equation*} where $χ[μ]$ is Voiculescu's free entropy. By identifying the Euler--Lagrange equations for $\mathcal{H}[F]$ with a Burgers equation for Cauchy transforms, we show that the supremum is attained uniquely by the free compression of free probability theory. We also view Gelfand--Tsetlin patterns as Ginzburg--Landau $\nablaϕ$-interface models with a hard-core interaction, and compute the surface tension: \begin{equation*} σ(u_1,u_2) =-\log(u_1+u_2)-\log\sin\left(π\frac{u_1}{u_1+u_2}\right)-1+\logπ. \end{equation*} Finally, we prove that uniform $n$-dimensional Gelfand--Tsetlin patterns with deterministic bottom rows converging to $μ$ satisfy a large deviation principle with speed $n^2$ and rate function \begin{equation*} I_μ[F]=-\mathcal{H}[F]+χ[μ]. \end{equation*} These results resolve a conjecture of Shlyakhtenko and Tao stating that the Euler--Lagrange equations for free compression arise from the statistical mechanics of interlacing point processes.