The evolution of [OIII]$+\rm{H}β$ equivalent width from $\mathbf{z\simeq3-8}$: implications for the production and escape of ionizing photons during reionization

R. Begley; R. J. McLure; F. Cullen; D. J. McLeod; J. S. Dunlop; A. C. Carnall; T. M. Stanton; A. E. Shapley; R. Cochrane; C. T. Donnan; R. S. Ellis; A. Fontana; N. A. Grogin; A. M. Koekemoer

arXiv · 2410.10988

The evolution of [OIII]$+\rm{H}β$ equivalent width from $\mathbf{z\simeq3-8}$: implications for the production and escape of ionizing photons during reionization

R. Begley·R. J. McLure·F. Cullen·D. J. McLeod·J. S. Dunlop·A. C. Carnall·T. M. Stanton·A. E. Shapley·R. Cochrane·C. T. Donnan·R. S. Ellis·A. Fontana·N. A. Grogin·A. M. Koekemoer

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Abstract

Accurately quantifying the ionizing photon production efficiency ($ξ_\rm{ion}$) of $z>6$ star-forming galaxies (SFGs) is necessary to understand their contribution to reionization. We investigate the ionizing properties of N=279 SFGs selected at $z=6.9-7.6$ from the JWST Cycle-1 imaging programmes; PRIMER and JADES. We use BAGPIPES to consistently infer the equivalent widths of their [OIII]+$\rm{Hβ}$ emission lines ($W_λ$) and their physical properties. To supplement our high-redshift galaxies, we measure $W_λ$ photometrically for a sample of N=253 $z=3.2-3.6$ SFGs selected from the VANDELS spectroscopic survey. Comparing these samples, we find a strong apparent redshift evolution in their median $W_λ$, increasing from $W_λ=310\pm25\,Å$ in VANDELS to $W_λ=540\pm25\,Å$ in our JWST-based sample. In the JWST sample at $z>7$, we find that $W_λ$ correlates with both stellar mass and UV luminosity, with high-mass, $M_{ UV}-$faint galaxies producing systematically weaker emission lines. Moreover, we discover a departure from the standard log-normal shape of the $W_λ$ distribution, characterised by a more pronounced tail at lower $W_λ$, consistent with increasingly bursty star formation. Using $W_λ$ as a proxy for $ξ_\rm{ion}$, and UV spectral slope as a proxy for LyC escape fraction ($f_\rm{esc}$), we find a minority of galaxies with high $ξ_\rm{ion}$ and $f_\rm{esc}$ (e.g., $\rm{log(ξ_{ion}/erg^{-1}Hz})\sim25.6$ and $f_\rm{esc}\sim0.15$). However, we find that the LyC photon budget at $z>7$ is dominated by galaxies with more moderate output, close to the sample median of $\rm{log(ξ_{ion}/erg^{-1}Hz})\sim25.3$ and $f_\rm{esc}\sim0.05$. This is consistent with estimates for the number of LyC photons required to power reionization at $z>7$, with no evidence for over or under-production.

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R. Begley, R. J. McLure, F. Cullen, D. J. McLeod, J. S. Dunlop, A. C. Carnall, T. M. Stanton, A. E. Shapley, R. Cochrane, C. T. Donnan, R. S. Ellis, A. Fontana, N. A. Grogin, A. M. Koekemoer. 2025-02-03. The evolution of [OIII]$+\rm{H}β$ equivalent width from $\mathbf{z\simeq3-8}$: implications for the production and escape of ionizing photons during reionization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10988

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