Structural and Energetic Stability of the Lowest Equilibrium Structures of Water Clusters

Abstract

In the present work, the low-lying structures of 20 different-sized water clusters are extensively searched using the artificial bee colony algorithm with TIP4P classical force field. To obtain the lowest equilibrium geometries, we select the 10 lowest configurations for further minimization using density functional theory. The resulting structures are lower in energy than previously reported results. The structural and energetic stability of these clusters are studied using various descriptors such as binding energy, ionization potentials, fragmentation energy, first and second energy difference, vibrational and optical spectra. The energetic analysis shows that clusters with N = 4, 8, 12, 14, 16 and 19 are more stable. The analysis of fragmentation energies also supports these findings. Our calculations show that non-covalent interactions play a significant role in stabilizing the water clusters. The infrared spectra of water clusters display three distinct bands: intermolecular O...H vibrations, 23 to 1191 cm^-1, intramolecular H-O-H bending, 1600 to 1741 cm^-1, and O-H stretching, 3229 to 3877 cm^-1. The strongest intensity is observed in the low-frequency symmetric stretching modes, along with a noticeable red shift in the stretching vibrations. The optical band gap ranges from 7.14 eV to 8.17 eV and lies in the ultraviolet region. The absorption spectra also show line broadening for clusters with n>=10, resulting in an increase in spectral lines. Interestingly, only the stable clusters exhibit maximum oscillator strength, with the first excitation in all cases corresponding to a π-to-σ* transition.