Retrieving wind properties from the ultra-hot dayside of WASP-189b with CRIRES$^+$

F. Lesjak; L. Nortmann; D. Cont; F. Yan; A. Reiners; N. Piskunov; A. Hatzes; L. Boldt-Christmas; S. Czesla; A. Lavail; E. Nagel; A. D. Rains; M. Rengel; U. Seemann; D. Shulyak

arXiv · 2411.19662

Retrieving wind properties from the ultra-hot dayside of WASP-189b with CRIRES$^+$

F. Lesjak·L. Nortmann·D. Cont·F. Yan·A. Reiners·N. Piskunov·A. Hatzes·L. Boldt-Christmas·S. Czesla·A. Lavail·E. Nagel·A. D. Rains·M. Rengel·U. Seemann·D. Shulyak

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The extreme temperature gradients from day- to nightside in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters generate fast winds in the form of equatorial jets or day-to-night flows. Observations of blue-shifted and red-shifted signals in the transmission and dayside spectra of WASP-189b have sparked discussions about the nature of winds on this planet. To investigate the structure of winds in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-189b, we studied its dayside emission spectrum with CRIRES$^+$ in the spectral K band. We used the cross-correlation method to detect emission signals of CO and Fe, and employed a Bayesian framework to retrieve the atmospheric parameters relating to the temperature-pressure structure and chemistry. The retrieval incorporated a numerical model of the line profile influenced by various dynamic effects to determine the wind structure. The cross-correlation signals of CO and Fe showed a velocity offset of ~6km/s, which could be caused by a fast day-to-night wind in the atmosphere of WASP-189b. The atmospheric retrieval showed that the line profile of the observed spectra is best fitted by the presence of a day-to-night wind of 4.4km/s, while the retrieved equatorial jet velocity of 1.0km/s is consistent with the absence of such a jet. Such a wind pattern is consistent with the observed line broadening and can explain the majority of the velocity offset, while uncertainties in the ephemerides and the effects of a hot spot could also contribute to this offset. We further retrieved an inverted temperature-pressure profile and determined the C/O ratio and metallicity. We showed that red-shifts of a few km/s in the dayside spectra could be explained by day-to-night winds. Further studies combining transmission and dayside observations could advance our understanding of WASP-189b's atmospheric circulation by improving the uncertainties in the velocity offset and wind parameters.

Explore related subjects

astro-ph.EP

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

F. Lesjak, L. Nortmann, D. Cont, F. Yan, A. Reiners, N. Piskunov, A. Hatzes, L. Boldt-Christmas, S. Czesla, A. Lavail, E. Nagel, A. D. Rains, M. Rengel, U. Seemann, D. Shulyak. 2024-11-29. Retrieving wind properties from the ultra-hot dayside of WASP-189b with CRIRES$^+$. https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.19662

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Volcanic Satellites and Ion Escape in the Magnetospheres of Ultra-Cool and Brown Dwarf Stars

Radio emissions at $\sim$ GHz frequencies of ultra-cool dwarf and brown dwarf stars suggest the presence of radiation belts not unlike Jupiter's. We investigate the possibility the inferred magnetospheric plasma at the primary star is sourced by an active planet or via ion escape modeled as a weak ionospheric outflow. We consider indirect methods to estimate the magnetospheric plasma mass flow from auroral radio emission and apply them to the ultra-cool dwarf LSR J1835+3259. We find that an ionospheric outflow is a viable source of the order of $10^{5}$ kg s$^{-1}$, if the ionospheric effective Pedersen conductance is lower than $\sim 0.02$ mho. On the other hand, a tidally-heated volcanic satellite with the same mass and radius as Io and an orbit with a semimajor axis lower than about $10$ stellar radii, whose eccentricity ($e \sim 10^{-3}$) is maintained by perturbations by other planets in the system, is found to be a viable source of magnetospheric plasma without strong limitations on the ionospheric conductance. The volcanic satellite scenario is also naturally in sync with the recent finding that ultra-cool dwarfs with distant substellar or stellar companions are remarkably more likely to be detected as radio emitters.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2026

Tidal Demise: The Evolution and Fate of a Hypothetical Venus Moon

Venus possesses no natural satellite, raising the question whether a formed moon could have survived. We explore the tidal evolution of a Venus-moon system, coupling Venus's spin to the satellite's orbit under tides from the moon and Sun. We survey spin period ($P_0 = 5$--100~hr), moon mass ($M_m = 0.01$--$10~M_{\rm Moon}$), eccentricity, quality factor, and initial semi-major axis under both constant-$Q$ and constant time lag models. Survival depends on competition between outward migration ($\propto M_m$) and synchronous radius expansion ($\propto M_m^2$): for circular orbits around rapidly spinning Venus ($P_0 \lesssim 12$~hr), a lunar-mass satellite survives the age of the Solar System in both models. For $P_0 \lesssim 10$~hr, eccentricity pumping can destabilize low-mass satellites, while for $P_0 \gtrsim 15$~hr or $M_m \gtrsim 2~M_{\rm Moon}$ the synchronous radius overtakes the orbit and drives Roche destruction within $\sim$0.03--1.7~Gyr in the constant-$Q$ model. The constant time lag model instead permits quasi-synchronous survival for massive moons at fast spin. Explaining Venus's present state requires satisfying two constraints simultaneously: loss of the satellite and despinning of an initially rapid rotator. Both are met only within a restricted region of parameter space, favoring moderate post-impact spin periods and lunar-to-super-lunar masses. Giant impact simulations predict spin periods $\gtrsim$12~hr for Venus's present rotation, placing a lunar-mass satellite at the survival boundary. For last-impact conditions within this region, the present absence of a Venusian satellite arises through tidal evolution alone; a subsequent catastrophic stripping event, while capable of removing a moon, is not required.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2026

Evidence for an Extended Hydrogen Outflow on WASP-12 b

Recent observations of atmospheric escape from planets orbiting early-type stars indicate that planets with higher Roche filling factors have significantly higher mass loss rates. For three of these planets, full-orbit observations have revealed the presence of large leading and trailing tails of escaping planetary material. These 3D outflow geometries encode information about the underlying outflow physics, and can also be used to constrain their stellar wind properties and to predict their long-term orbital evolution. We present new evidence for extended H$α$ and H$β$ absorption from escaping hydrogen for a fourth planet, WASP-12 b. We observed WASP-12 b with the Keck Planet Finder on Keck I over a period of approximately eight hours centered on the transit. We find a H$α$ and H$β$ absorption signal in the stellar rest frame that is strongest during the transit (H$α$ amplitude: $2.66\pm0.25\%$, H$β$ amplitude: $2.88\pm0.43\%$), with evidence of both pre- and post-transit absorption. This measurement is consistent with outflow models where the escaping gas overflows the planet's Roche lobe and is advected into the stellar rest frame before being tidally sheared into extended tails. This outflow behavior is qualitatively similar to previous H$α$ observations of this planet as well as observations of extended outflows from other gas giants orbiting early-type stars.

astro-ph.EP↗