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arXiv · 2412.18167

Dependence of the estimated electric potential in thunderstorms observed at GRAPES-3 on the hadronic interaction generators used in simulations

B. Hariharan·S. K. Gupta·Y. Hayashi·P. Jagadeesan·A. Jain·S. Kawakami·H. Kojima·P. K. Mohanty·Y. Muraki·P. K. Nayak·A. Oshima·M. Rameez·K. Ramesh·L. V. Reddy·S. Shibata·M. Zuberi
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Abstract

A potential difference of 1.3 Giga-Volts (GV) was inferred across a thundercloud using data from the GRAPES-3 muon telescope (G3MT) [1]. This was the first-ever estimation of gigavolt potential in thunderstorms, confirming prediction of C.T.R. Wilson almost a century ago. To infer the thundercloud potential required acceleration of muons in atmospheric electric field to be incorporated in the Monte Carlo simulation software CORSIKA. The G3MT records over 4 billion muons daily that are grouped into 169 directions covering 2.3 sr sky. This enabled changes as small as 0.1% in the muon flux on minute timescale, caused by thunderstorms to be accurately measured. But that requires high statistics simulation of muon fluxes in thunderstorm electric fields. The CORSIKA offers a choice of several generators for low- (FLUKA, GHEISHA, and UrQMD) and high-energy (SIBYLL, EPOS-LHC, and QGSJETII) hadronic interactions. Since it is unclear which combination of the low- and high-energy generators provides the correct description of hadronic interactions, all nine combinations of generators were explored, and they yielded thundercloud potentials ranging from 1.3 GV to 1.6 GV for the event recorded on 1 December 2014. The result of SIBYLL-FLUKA combination yielded the lowest electric potential of 1.3 GV was reported. Furthermore, another seven major thunderstorm events recorded between April 2011 and December 2020 were analyzed to measure the dependence of their thundercloud potential on the hadronic interaction generators. It is observed that the low-energy generators produce larger variation ($\sim$14%) in thundercloud potential than the high-energy generators ($\sim$8%). This probably reflects the fact that the GeV muons are predominantly produced in low-energy ($<$80 GeV) interactions, which effectively magnifies the differences in the meson production cross-sections among the low-energy generators.

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B. Hariharan, S. K. Gupta, Y. Hayashi, P. Jagadeesan, A. Jain, S. Kawakami, H. Kojima, P. K. Mohanty, Y. Muraki, P. K. Nayak, A. Oshima, M. Rameez, K. Ramesh, L. V. Reddy, S. Shibata, M. Zuberi. 2025-04-12. Dependence of the estimated electric potential in thunderstorms observed at GRAPES-3 on the hadronic interaction generators used in simulations. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516%2F2025%2F06%2F012

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