An Extremely Deep Rubin Survey to Explore the Extended Kuiper Belt and Identify Objects Observable by New Horizons

JJ Kavelaars; Marc W. Buie; Wesley C. Fraser; Lowell Peltier; Susan D. Benecchi; Simon B. Porter; Anne J. Verbiscer; David W. Gerdes; Kevin J. Napier; Joseph Murtagh; Takashi Ito; Kelsi N. Singer; S. Alan Stern; Tsuyoshi Terai; Fumi Yoshida; Michele T. Bannister; Pedro H. Bernardinelli; Gary M. Bernstein; Colin Orion Chandler; Brett Gladman; Lynne Jones; Jean-Marc Petit; Megan E. Schwamb; Pontus C. Brandt; Joel W. Parker

arXiv · 2503.02765

An Extremely Deep Rubin Survey to Explore the Extended Kuiper Belt and Identify Objects Observable by New Horizons

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Abstract

A proposed Vera C. Rubin Observatory Deep Drilling micro-survey of the Kuiper Belt will investigate key properties of the distant solar system. Utilizing 30 hours of Rubin time across six 5-hour visits over one year starting in summer 2026, the survey aims to discover and determine orbits for up to 730 Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) to an $r$-magnitude of 27.5. These discoveries will enable precise characterization of the KBO size distribution, which is critical for understanding planetesimal formation. By aligning the survey field with NASA's {\it New Horizons} spacecraft trajectory, the micro-survey will facilitate discoveries for the mission operating in the Kuiper Belt. Modeling based on the Outer Solar System Origin Survey (OSSOS) predicts at least 12 distant KBOs observable with the {\it New Horizons} LOng Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) and approximately three objects within 1~au of the spacecraft, allowing higher-resolution observations than Earth-based facilities. LORRI's high solar phase angle monitoring will reveal these objects' surface properties and shapes, potentially identifying contact binaries and orbit-class surface correlations. The survey could identify a KBO suitable for a future spacecraft flyby. The survey's size, depth, and cadence design will deliver transformative measurements of the Kuiper Belt's size distribution and rotational properties across distance, size, and orbital class. Additionally, the high stellar density in the survey field also offers synergies with transiting exoplanet studies.

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JJ Kavelaars, Marc W. Buie, Wesley C. Fraser, Lowell Peltier, Susan D. Benecchi, Simon B. Porter, Anne J. Verbiscer, David W. Gerdes, Kevin J. Napier, Joseph Murtagh, Takashi Ito, Kelsi N. Singer, S. Alan Stern, Tsuyoshi Terai, Fumi Yoshida, Michele T. Bannister, Pedro H. Bernardinelli, Gary M. Bernstein, Colin Orion Chandler, Brett Gladman, Lynne Jones, Jean-Marc Petit, Megan E. Schwamb, Pontus C. Brandt, Joel W. Parker. 2025-03-04. An Extremely Deep Rubin Survey to Explore the Extended Kuiper Belt and Identify Objects Observable by New Horizons. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02765

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