Manipulate intrinsic light-matter interaction with bound state in the continuum in van der Waals metasurfaces by artificial etching

Abstract

The recent demonstrations of van der Waals (vdW) nanophotonics have opened new pathways for manipulating the light-matter interaction in an intrinsic manner, leading to fascinating achievements in tunable magneto-optics by self-hybrid polaritons, indirect bandgap lasering, and exceptionally enhanced optical nonlinearity. However, the anisotropic atomic lattice, chemically active side walls, and distinct enthalpies of formation across vdW materials, pose significant challenges in nanofabrication and material choices, hindering the realization of high-Q resonant mode on arbitrary materials. In this work, we propose an etch-free vdW structure that mimics the shallow etching, termed "artificial etching". This approach utilizes a low refractive index (LRI) perturbation layer made of photoresist, drastically reducing radiation loss and experimentally achieving a remarkable Q factor of up to 348, which is comparable to the highest values reported in vdW nanophotonics. We demonstrate room-temperature polaritons in etch-free structures using four representative materials (WS$_2$, MoS$_2$, WSe$_2$, and MoSe$_2$) through self-hybridization of high-Q (quasi-)bound states in the continuum (BIC) modes and excitons, achieving a Rabi-splitting of approximately 80 meV, which significantly surpasses the intrinsic excitonic loss. Furthermore, we showcase optical modulation of indirect bandgap emission in bulk WS$_2$ and direct exciton emission in heterostructures, achieving substantial polarization-dependent enhancement of their emission efficiencies. The proposed etch-free vdW structure provides a versatile platform for high-Q nanophononics while preserving material integrity, advancing applications in photoelectronic and quantum devices.