Fast and memory efficient strong simulation of noisy adaptive linear optical circuits

Abstract

Exactly computing the full output distribution of linear optical circuits remains a challenge, as existing methods are either time-efficient but memory-intensive or memory-efficient but slow. Moreover, any realistic simulation must account for noise, and any viable quantum computing scheme based on linear optics requires feedforward. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that models the output amplitudes as partial derivatives of a multivariate polynomial. The algorithm explores the lattice of all intermediate partial derivatives, where each derivative is used to compute more efficiently ones with higher degree. In terms of memory, storing one path from the root to the leaves is sufficient to iterate over all amplitudes and requires only $2^n$ elements, as opposed to $\binom{n+m-1}{n}$ for the fastest state of the art method. This approach effectively balances the time-memory trade-off while extending to both noisy and feedforward scenarios with negligible cost. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach in the literature to meet all these requirements. We demonstrate how this method enables the simulation of systems that were previously out of reach, while providing a concrete implementation and complexity analysis.