The Art of Optimizing T-Depth for Quantum Error Correction in Large-Scale Quantum Computing

Abstract

Quantum Error Correction (QEC), combined with magic state distillation, ensures fault tolerance in large-scale quantum computation. To apply QEC, a circuit must first be transformed into a non-Clifford (or T) gate set. T-depth, the number of sequential T-gate layers, determines the magic state cost, impacting both spatial and temporal overhead. Minimizing T-depth is crucial for optimizing resource efficiency in fault-tolerant quantum computing. While QEC scalability has been widely studied, T-depth reduction remains an overlooked challenge. We establish that T-depth reduction is an NP-hard problem and systematically evaluate multiple approximation techniques: greedy, divide-and-conquer, Lookahead-based brute force, and graph-based. The Lookahead-based brute-force algorithm (partition size 4) performs best, optimizing 90\% of reducible cases (i.e., circuits where at least one algorithm achieved optimization) with an average T-depth reduction of around 51\%. Additionally, we introduce an expansion factor-based identity gate insertion strategy, leveraging controlled redundancy to achieve deeper reductions in circuits initially classified as non-reducible. With this approach, we successfully convert up to 25\% of non-reducible circuits into reducible ones, while achieving an additional average reduction of up to 11.8\%. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of different expansion factor values and explore how varying the partition size in the Lookahead-based brute-force algorithm influences the quality of T-depth reduction.