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arXiv · 2504.01747

The untangling number of 3-periodic tangles

Toky Andriamanalina·Sonia Mahmoudi·Myfanwy E. Evans
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Abstract

The entanglement of curves within a 3-periodic box provides a model for complicated space-filling entangled structures occurring in biological, chemical and physical systems. Quantifying the complexity of the entanglement within these models enhances the characterisation of these structures. In this paper, we introduce a new measure of entanglement complexity through the untangling number, reminiscent of the unknotting number in knot theory. The untangling number quantifies the minimum distance between a given 3-periodic structure and its least tangled version, called ground state, through a sequence of operations in a diagrammatic representation of the structure. For entanglements that consist of only infinite open curves, we show that the generic ground states are crystallographic rod packings, well known in structural chemistry.

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BibTeXRIS

Toky Andriamanalina, Sonia Mahmoudi, Myfanwy E. Evans. 2026-09-15. The untangling number of 3-periodic tangles. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01747

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