On Canonical Sandpile Actions of Embedded Graphs

Abstract

The sandpile group of a connected graph is a group whose cardinality is the number of spanning trees. The group is known to have a canonical simply transitive action on spanning trees if the graph is embedded into the plane. However, no canonical action on the spanning trees was known for the nonplanar case. We show that for any embedded Eulerian digraph, one can define a canonical simply transitive action of the sandpile group on compatible Eulerian tours (a set whose cardinality equals the number of spanning arborescences). This enables us to give a new proof that the rotor-routing action of a ribbon graph is independent of the root if and only if the embedding is into the plane (originally proved by Chan, Church and Grochow). Recently, Merino, Moffatt and Noble defined a sandpile group variant (called Jacobian) for embedded graphs, whose cardinality is the number of quasi-trees. Baker, Ding and Kim showed that this group acts canonically on the quasi-trees. We show that the Jacobian of an embedded graph is the usual sandpile group of the medial digraph, and the action by Baker et al. agrees with the action of the sandpile group of the medial digraph on Eulerian tours (which fact is made possible by the existence of a canonical bijection between Eulerian tours of the medial digraph and quasi-trees due to Bouchet).