Fundamental evaluation of the pressure gradient for lubrication flows in varying channels: Application to inertial Newtonian flow in a linear channel

Abstract

We derive general analytical expressions for the pressure gradient of a viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid in a symmetric channel with slowly varying geometry. Using classic lubrication theory and assuming isothermal, incompressible, and steady inertial flow, we present four fundamental methods for deriving these expressions: the first is based on the momentum balance, the second on the total force balance in the channel, the third on a higher moment of the momentum balance combined with the continuity equation, and the fourth on the mechanical energy of the flow. Additionally, we formally prove that the first and second methods yield identical expressions and highlight the significance of the exact analytical solution for the Oldroyd-B model along the channel walls. For a Newtonian fluid at the creeping flow limit the first and second methods give the well-known result that the pressure gradient along the channel equals the shear stress at the walls. The differences between the methods and the outcomes are also presented and discussed. Additionally, we derive a new set of lubrication equations based on the streamfunction, transformed coordinates that map the variable channel wall shape onto fixed ones, and new components of the viscoelastic extra-stress tensor. This formulation facilitates a much easier implementation of the continuity equation, the total mass balance, and the total force balance in the system, ensuring that non-physical or spurious solutions do not arise. Finally, we present in detail a limiting nonlinear case by considering the Newtonian inertial flow in a linearly varying channel. Through the implementation of our formulation, we provide strong evidence for the theoretical and numerical equivalence of the general expressions for the pressure gradient and the average pressure drop in the channel.