MultiLoKo: a multilingual local knowledge benchmark for LLMs spanning 31 languages

Dieuwke Hupkes; Nikolay Bogoychev

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arXiv · 2504.10356

MultiLoKo: a multilingual local knowledge benchmark for LLMs spanning 31 languages

Dieuwke Hupkes·Nikolay Bogoychev

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Abstract

We present MultiLoKo, a new benchmark for evaluating multilinguality in LLMs covering 31 languages. MultiLoKo consists of three partitions: a main partition consisting of 500 questions per language, separately sourced to be locally relevant to the specific language, and two translated partitions, containing human-authored translations from 30 non-English languages to English and vice versa. For comparison, we also release corresponding machine-authored translations. The data is equally distributed over two splits: a dev split and a blind, out-of-distribution test split. MultiLoKo can be used to study a variety of questions regarding the multilinguality of LLMs as well as meta-questions about multilingual benchmark creation. We compute MultiLoKo scores for 11 base and chat models marketed to be multilingual and study their average performance, their performance parity across languages, how much their ability to answer questions depends on the question language, and which languages are most difficult. None of the models we studied performs well on MultiLoKo, as indicated by low average scores as well as large differences between the best and worst scoring languages. Furthermore, we find a substantial effect of the question language, indicating sub-optimal knowledge transfer between languages. Lastly, we find that using local vs English-translated data can result in differences more than 20 points for the best performing models, drastically change the estimated difficulty of some languages. For using machines instead of human translations, we find a weaker effect on ordering of language difficulty, a larger difference in model rankings, and a substantial drop in estimated performance for all models.

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Dieuwke Hupkes, Nikolay Bogoychev. 2025-04-15. MultiLoKo: a multilingual local knowledge benchmark for LLMs spanning 31 languages. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10356

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