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arXiv · 2504.12079

Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020

Nils Hoyer·Silvia Bonoli·Nate Bastian·Diego Herrero-Carrión·Nadine Neumayer·David Izquierdo-Villalba·Daniele Spinoso·Robert M. Yates·Markos Polkas·M. Celeste Artale
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Abstract

It is established that there exists a direct link between the formation history of star cluster populations and their host galaxies. However, our lack of understanding of the assembly of star cluster populations impede our ability to use them as tracers of galaxy evolution. In this work we introduce a new variation of the L-Galaxies 2020 semi-analytic galaxy formation model that includes the formation of star clusters above 10^4 MSun and probes different physical assumptions that affect their evolution over cosmic time. We use properties of different galaxy components and localised star formation to determine the bound fraction of star formation in disks. After randomly sampling masses from an environmentally-dependent star cluster initial mass function, we assign to each object a half-mass radius, metallicity, and distance from the galaxy centre. We consider up to 2000 individual star clusters per galaxy and evolve their properties over time taking into account stellar evolution, two-body relaxation, tidal shocks, dynamical friction, and a re-positioning during galaxy mergers. Our simulation successfully reproduces several observational quantities, such as the empirical relationship between the absolute V-band magnitude of the brightest young star clusters and the host galaxy star formation rate, the mass function of young star clusters, and mean metallicities of the star cluster distributions versus galaxy masses. The simulation reveals great complexity in the z=0 star cluster population resulting from differential destruction channels and origins, including in-situ populations in the disk, a major merger-induced heated component in the halo, and accreted star clusters. Model variations point out the importance of the shape of the star cluster initial mass function, the initial distribution of half-mass radii, or the relationship between the sound speed of cold gas and the SFR.

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Nils Hoyer, Silvia Bonoli, Nate Bastian, Diego Herrero-Carrión, Nadine Neumayer, David Izquierdo-Villalba, Daniele Spinoso, Robert M. Yates, Markos Polkas, M. Celeste Artale. 2026-03-24. Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361%2F202554325

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