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arXiv · 2504.21615

Rapid Spectral Evolution of SGR 1935+2154 During its 2022 Outburst

Chin-Ping Hu·Zorawar Wadiasingh·Wynn C. G. Ho·Matthew G. Baring·George A. Younes·Teruaki Enoto·Sebastien Guillot·Tolga Guver·Marlon L. Bause·Rachael Stewart·Alex Van Kooten·Chryssa Kouveliotou
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Abstract

During the 2022 outburst of SGR 1935+2154, a Fast-Radio-Burst-like event (FRB 20221014A) and X-ray activities occurred between two spin-up glitches, suggesting these glitches may connect to multiwavelength phenomenology. However, the mechanisms altering the magnetar's magnetosphere to enable radio emission remain unclear. This study presents high-cadence NICER and NuSTAR observations revealing spectral changes in burst and persistent emission. Hardness ratio and spectral analysis reveal significant changes during an "intermediate flare" 2.5 hours before FRB 20221014A. This 80-second flare, releasing $>(6.3\pm0.2)\times10^{40}$ erg, coincides with a rapid spectral softening in both burst and persistent emission and a notable decrease in burst occurrence rate. The intermediate flare is bright enough to be detected if placed at a few Mpc, and would appear as a fast X-ray transient. This implies that the connection between magnetar X-ray activity and FRBs can be observed in the local Universe. Post-flare burst spectra peak near 5 keV, resembling the characteristics of the FRB-associated X-ray burst of 2020. Such change persisted for a few hours, implying magnetospheric evolution on similar timescales. However, no radio emission was detected from post-flare bursts, suggesting that FRB emission requires conditions beyond peculiar short bursts. The burst waiting times exhibit a broken power-law distribution, likely resulting from contamination by enhanced persistent emission. Although the bursts appear randomly distributed in the spin phase, the hardness ratio profile as a function of spin phase follows that of the persistent emission, indicating that X-ray bursts originate at low altitudes.

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Chin-Ping Hu, Zorawar Wadiasingh, Wynn C. G. Ho, Matthew G. Baring, George A. Younes, Teruaki Enoto, Sebastien Guillot, Tolga Guver, Marlon L. Bause, Rachael Stewart, Alex Van Kooten, Chryssa Kouveliotou. 2025-07-01. Rapid Spectral Evolution of SGR 1935+2154 During its 2022 Outburst. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21615

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