Textual Steering Vectors Can Improve Visual Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models

Woody Haosheng Gan; Deqing Fu; Julian Asilis; Ollie Liu; Dani Yogatama; Vatsal Sharan; Robin Jia; Willie Neiswanger

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arXiv · 2505.14071

Textual Steering Vectors Can Improve Visual Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models

Woody Haosheng Gan·Deqing Fu·Julian Asilis·Ollie Liu·Dani Yogatama·Vatsal Sharan·Robin Jia·Willie Neiswanger

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Abstract

Steering methods have emerged as effective and targeted tools for guiding large language models' (LLMs) behavior without modifying their parameters. Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), however, do not currently enjoy the same suite of techniques, due in part to their recency and architectural diversity. Inspired by this gap, we investigate whether MLLMs can be steered using vectors derived from their text-only LLM backbone, via sparse autoencoders (SAEs), mean shift, and linear probing. We find that text-derived steering consistently enhances multimodal accuracy across diverse MLLM architectures and visual tasks. In particular, mean shift boosts spatial relationship accuracy on CV-Bench by up to +7.3% and counting accuracy by up to +3.3%, outperforming prompting and exhibiting strong generalization to out-of-distribution datasets. These results highlight textual steering vectors as a powerful, efficient mechanism for enhancing grounding in MLLMs with minimal additional data collection and computational overhead.

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Woody Haosheng Gan, Deqing Fu, Julian Asilis, Ollie Liu, Dani Yogatama, Vatsal Sharan, Robin Jia, Willie Neiswanger. 2025-05-20. Textual Steering Vectors Can Improve Visual Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.14071

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