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arXiv · 2505.16675

On the Out-of-Distribution Generalization of Self-Supervised Learning

Wenwen Qiang·Jingyao Wang·Zeen Song·Jiangmeng Li·Changwen Zheng
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Abstract

In this paper, we focus on the out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization of self-supervised learning (SSL). By analyzing the mini-batch construction during the SSL training phase, we first give one plausible explanation for SSL having OOD generalization. Then, from the perspective of data generation and causal inference, we analyze and conclude that SSL learns spurious correlations during the training process, which leads to a reduction in OOD generalization. To address this issue, we propose a post-intervention distribution (PID) grounded in the Structural Causal Model. PID offers a scenario where the spurious variable and label variable is mutually independent. Besides, we demonstrate that if each mini-batch during SSL training satisfies PID, the resulting SSL model can achieve optimal worst-case OOD performance. This motivates us to develop a batch sampling strategy that enforces PID constraints through the learning of a latent variable model. Through theoretical analysis, we demonstrate the identifiability of the latent variable model and validate the effectiveness of the proposed sampling strategy. Experiments conducted on various downstream OOD tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sampling strategy.

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Wenwen Qiang, Jingyao Wang, Zeen Song, Jiangmeng Li, Changwen Zheng. 2025-05-22. On the Out-of-Distribution Generalization of Self-Supervised Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.16675

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