BAH Dataset for Ambivalence/Hesitancy Recognition in Videos for Digital Behavioural Change

Manuela González-González; Soufiane Belharbi; Muhammad Osama Zeeshan; Masoumeh Sharafi; Muhammad Haseeb Aslam; Marco Pedersoli; Alessandro Lameiras Koerich; Simon L Bacon; Eric Granger

arXiv · 2505.19328

BAH Dataset for Ambivalence/Hesitancy Recognition in Videos for Digital Behavioural Change

Manuela González-González·Soufiane Belharbi·Muhammad Osama Zeeshan·Masoumeh Sharafi·Muhammad Haseeb Aslam·Marco Pedersoli·Alessandro Lameiras Koerich·Simon L Bacon·Eric Granger

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Abstract

Ambivalence and hesitancy (A/H), closely related constructs, are the primary reasons why individuals delay, avoid, or abandon health behaviour changes. They are subtle and conflicting emotions that sets a person in a state between positive and negative orientations, or between acceptance and refusal to do something. They manifest as a discord in affect between multiple modalities or within a modality, such as facial and vocal expressions, and body language. Although experts can be trained to recognize A/H as done for in-person interactions, integrating them into digital health interventions is costly and less effective. Automatic A/H recognition is therefore critical for the personalization and cost-effectiveness of digital behaviour change interventions. However, no datasets currently exist for the design of machine learning models to recognize A/H. This paper introduces the Behavioural Ambivalence/Hesitancy (BAH) dataset collected for multimodal recognition of A/H in videos. It contains 1,427 videos with a total duration of 10.60 hours, captured from 300 participants across Canada, answering predefined questions to elicit A/H. It is intended to mirror real-world digital behaviour change interventions delivered online. BAH is annotated by three experts to provide timestamps that indicate where A/H occurs, and frame- and video-level annotations with A/H cues. Video transcripts, cropped and aligned faces, and participant metadata are also provided. Since A and H manifest similarly in practice, we provide a binary annotation indicating the presence or absence of A/H. Additionally, this paper includes benchmarking results using baseline models on BAH for frame- and video-level recognition, and different learning setups. The limited performance highlights the need for adapted multimodal and spatio-temporal models for A/H recognition. The data and code are publicly available.

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Manuela González-González, Soufiane Belharbi, Muhammad Osama Zeeshan, Masoumeh Sharafi, Muhammad Haseeb Aslam, Marco Pedersoli, Alessandro Lameiras Koerich, Simon L Bacon, Eric Granger. 2026-04-14. BAH Dataset for Ambivalence/Hesitancy Recognition in Videos for Digital Behavioural Change. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19328

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