Supervised and self-supervised land-cover segmentation & classification of the Biesbosch wetlands

Eva Gmelich Meijling; Roberto Del Prete; Arnoud Visser

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arXiv · 2505.21269

Supervised and self-supervised land-cover segmentation & classification of the Biesbosch wetlands

Eva Gmelich Meijling·Roberto Del Prete·Arnoud Visser

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Abstract

Accurate wetland land-cover classification is essential for environmental monitoring, biodiversity assessment, and sustainable ecosystem management. However, the scarcity of annotated data, especially for high-resolution satellite imagery, poses a significant challenge for supervised learning approaches. To tackle this issue, this study presents a methodology for wetland land-cover segmentation and classification that adopts both supervised and self-supervised learning (SSL). We train a U-Net model from scratch on Sentinel-2 imagery across six wetland regions in the Netherlands, achieving a baseline model accuracy of 85.26%. Addressing the limited availability of labeled data, the results show that SSL pretraining with an autoencoder can improve accuracy, especially for the high-resolution imagery where it is more difficult to obtain labeled data, reaching an accuracy of 88.23%. Furthermore, we introduce a framework to scale manually annotated high-resolution labels to medium-resolution inputs. While the quantitative performance between resolutions is comparable, high-resolution imagery provides significantly sharper segmentation boundaries and finer spatial detail. As part of this work, we also contribute a curated Sentinel-2 dataset with Dynamic World labels, tailored for wetland classification tasks and made publicly available.

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Eva Gmelich Meijling, Roberto Del Prete, Arnoud Visser. 2025-05-27. Supervised and self-supervised land-cover segmentation & classification of the Biesbosch wetlands. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21269

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