Categorification of $k$-Schur functions and refined Macdonald positivity

Abstract

We establish a substantial part of the categorification framework for $k$-Schur functions proposed in Chen's Ph.D.\ thesis, written under the supervision of Mark Haiman. More precisely, we realize $k$-Schur functions as the graded characters of a distinguished family of objects in a certain module category and establish module-theoretic analogues of several foundational properties of $k$-Schur functions. A final part of Chen's framework predicts a homological characterization of modules admitting filtrations by these distinguished objects; we establish this characterization under an additional combinatorial hypothesis. In addition, we unconditionally prove that modules arising in this framework admit filtrations whose subquotients are affine Demazure modules of level $k$. As a consequence, modified Macdonald polynomials expand positively in the characters of affine Demazure modules. This may be viewed as a homological refinement of Macdonald positivity, arising from an intrinsic $\mathrm{ext}$-orthogonality condition on the corresponding Garsia--Haiman modules. We also prove the combinatorial hypothesis for $m \le 2k$ in the appendix and verify it computationally for $m\leq 19$, yielding $k$-Schur positivity of modified Macdonald polynomials in these cases. Our approach builds on our previous work on the algebraic and geometric realization of Catalan symmetric functions, a class encompassing both $k$-Schur and Hall--Littlewood functions.