Regular genus of $\mathbb{S}^2 \times \mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1$, $4$-torus, and small covers over $Δ^2 \times Δ^2$

Abstract

A crystallization of a PL manifold is an edge-colored graph encoding a contracted triangulation of the manifold. The concept of regular genus generalizes the notions of surface genus and Heegaard genus for 3-manifolds to higher-dimensional closed PL manifolds. The regular genus of a PL manifold is a PL invariant. Determining the regular genus of a closed PL $n$-manifold remains a fundamental challenge in combinatorial topology. In this article, we first resolve a conjecture by proving that the regular genus of $\mathbb{S}^2 \times \mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1$ is 6. Additionally, we determine that the regular genus of $\mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1$ is 16. We also present some observations related to the regular genus of the $n$-dimensional torus and conjecture that the regular genus of $\mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1 \times \cdots \times \mathbb{S}^1$ ($n$ times) is $1+\frac{(n+1)! \ (n-3)}{8}$, for $n\ge 5$. Then, we investigate the regular genus of small covers. Small covers are closed $n$-manifolds admitting a locally standard $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$-action with orbit space homeomorphic to a simple convex polytope $P^n$. For the polytope $P = Δ^2 \times Δ^2$, we classify all the small covers up to Davis-Januszkiewicz (D-J) equivalence and show that there are exactly seven such covers. Among these, one is $\mathbb{RP}^2 \times \mathbb{RP}^2$, while the others are $\mathbb{RP}^2$-bundles over $\mathbb{RP}^2$. Remarkably, each of these seven small covers has the regular genus 8. Results in this article provide explicit regular genus values for several important 4-manifolds, offering new insights and tools for future work in combinatorial topology.