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arXiv · 2506.10903

Beyond Gold Standards: Epistemic Ensemble of LLM Judges for Formal Mathematical Reasoning

Lan Zhang·Marco Valentino·Jordan Meadows·Andre Freitas
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Abstract

Statement autoformalization plays a crucial role in formal mathematical reasoning by enabling the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal languages. While recent advances using large language models (LLMs) have shown promising capability of autoformalization, methods for automatically evaluating autoformalization remain underexplored. LLM-as-a-judge presents a promising approach for automating such evaluation, however, existing methods typically employ coarse-grained and generic evaluation criteria, which limit their effectiveness for advanced formal mathematical reasoning, where quality hinges on nuanced, multi-granular dimensions. In this work, we take a step toward addressing this gap by introducing a systematic, automatic method to evaluate autoformalization tasks. The proposed method is based on an epistemically and formally grounded ensemble (EFG) of LLM judges, defined on criteria encompassing logical preservation (LP), mathematical consistency (MC), formal quality (FQ), and formal validity (FV), resulting in a transparent assessment that accounts for different contributing factors. We validate the proposed framework to serve as a proxy for autoformalization assessment within the domain of formal mathematics. Overall, our experiments demonstrate that the EFG ensemble of LLM judges is a more suitable emerging proxy for evaluation than a coarse-grained model. These findings suggest that LLM-as-judges, especially when guided by a well-defined set of atomic properties, could offer a scalable, interpretable, and reliable support for evaluating formal mathematical reasoning.

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Lan Zhang, Marco Valentino, Jordan Meadows, Andre Freitas. 2026-08-21. Beyond Gold Standards: Epistemic Ensemble of LLM Judges for Formal Mathematical Reasoning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.10903

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