On Topological Indices in Trees: Fibonacci Degree Sequences and Bounds

Abstract

In this paper, we have studied bounds based on topological indicators, from which we selected Albertson index $\mathrm{irr}$ and the Sigma index $σ$. The Sigma index was defined through the following relationship: \[ σ(G)=\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\left( d_u(G)-d_v(G) \right)^2. \] We establish a precise formula for the Albertson index of a tree $T$ of order $n$ with a Fibonacci degree sequence $\mathscr{D} = (F_3, \dots, F_n)$. Additionally, we derive bounds for the minimum and maximum Albertson indices ($\irr_{\min}$ and $\irr_{\max}$) across various tree structures. Propositions and lemmas provide upper and lower bounds, incorporating parameters such as the maximum degree $ Δ$, minimum degree $δ$. We further relate the Albertson index to the second Zagreb index $M_2(T)$ and the forgotten index $F(T)$, establishing a new upper bound.