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arXiv · 2506.12903

Variational Learning Finds Flatter Solutions at the Edge of Stability

Avrajit Ghosh·Bai Cong·Rio Yokota·Saiprasad Ravishankar·Rongrong Wang·Molei Tao·Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan·Thomas Möllenhoff
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Abstract

Variational Learning (VL) has recently gained popularity for training deep neural networks. Part of its empirical success can be explained by theories such as PAC-Bayes bounds, minimum description length and marginal likelihood, but little has been done to unravel the implicit regularization in play. Here, we analyze the implicit regularization of VL through the Edge of Stability (EoS) framework. EoS has previously been used to show that gradient descent can find flat solutions and we extend this result to show that VL can find even flatter solutions. This result is obtained by controlling the shape of the variational posterior as well as the number of posterior samples used during training. The derivation follows in a similar fashion as in the standard EoS literature for deep learning, by first deriving a result for a quadratic problem and then extending it to deep neural networks. We empirically validate these findings on a wide variety of large networks, such as ResNet and ViT, to find that the theoretical results closely match the empirical ones. Ours is the first work to analyze the EoS dynamics of VL.

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Avrajit Ghosh, Bai Cong, Rio Yokota, Saiprasad Ravishankar, Rongrong Wang, Molei Tao, Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan, Thomas Möllenhoff. 2025-10-26. Variational Learning Finds Flatter Solutions at the Edge of Stability. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.12903

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