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arXiv · 2506.17684

Pattern formation Statistics on Fermat Quotients

Cristian Cobeli·Alexandru Zaharescu·Zhuo Zhang
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Abstract

Despite their simple definition as $\mathfrak{q}_p(b):=\frac{b^{p-1}-1}{p} \pmod p$, for $0\le b \le p^2-1$ and $\gcd(b,p)=1$, and their regular arrangement in a $p\times(p-1)$ Fermat quotient matrix $\mathtt{FQM}(p)$ of integers from $[0,p-1]$, Fermat quotients modulo $p$ are well known for their overall lack of regularity. Here, we discuss this contrasting effect by proving that, on the one hand, any line of the matrix behaves like an analogue of a randomly distributed sequence of numbers, and on the other hand, the spatial statistics of distances on regular $N$-patterns confirm the natural expectations.

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Cristian Cobeli, Alexandru Zaharescu, Zhuo Zhang. 2025-06-21. Pattern formation Statistics on Fermat Quotients. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17684

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