Multilingual Tokenization through the Lens of Indian Languages: Challenges and Insights

Maharaj Brahma; N J Karthika; Rajat Verma; Nagasai Saketh Naidu; Rohit Saluja; Maunendra Sankar Desarkar; Ganesh Ramakrishnan

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arXiv · 2506.17789

Multilingual Tokenization through the Lens of Indian Languages: Challenges and Insights

Maharaj Brahma·N J Karthika·Rajat Verma·Nagasai Saketh Naidu·Rohit Saluja·Maunendra Sankar Desarkar·Ganesh Ramakrishnan

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Abstract

Tokenization plays a pivotal role in NLP and is fundamental to training language models. However, existing tokenizers are often skewed towards high-resource languages, limiting their effectiveness for linguistically diverse and morphologically rich languages such as those in the Indian subcontinent. In this work, we present a comprehensive empirical study of multilingual tokenization across 17 Indic languages spanning 11 scripts and two language families. We systematically evaluate the effects of (i) widely used subword algorithms: BPE and Unigram LM, (ii) script and orthography-aware normalization, (iii) vocabulary size, and (iv) multilingual vocabulary construction strategies. We use a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations to obtain the following observations: (i) script-specific normalization improves tokenization quality, (ii) Unigram LM better preserves morphological boundaries than BPE, (iii) cluster-based vocabulary construction shows improvement in downstream tasks compared to the joint method. Our findings highlight the importance of linguistically informed design choices in multilingual tokenization and offer practical guidance for building effective tokenizers for low-resource and morphologically complex languages.

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Maharaj Brahma, N J Karthika, Rajat Verma, Nagasai Saketh Naidu, Rohit Saluja, Maunendra Sankar Desarkar, Ganesh Ramakrishnan. 2026-06-19. Multilingual Tokenization through the Lens of Indian Languages: Challenges and Insights. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17789

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