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arXiv · 2506.19935

Any-Order GPT as Masked Diffusion Model: Decoupling Formulation and Architecture

Shuchen Xue·Tianyu Xie·Tianyang Hu·Zijin Feng·Jiacheng Sun·Kenji Kawaguchi·Zhenguo Li·Zhi-Ming Ma
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Abstract

Efficiently scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates exploring alternatives to dominant autoregressive (AR) methods, with Masked Diffusion Models (MDMs) emerging as candidates. However, comparing AR (typically decoder-only) and MDM (often encoder-only) paradigms is confounded by differing architectures, obscuring true algorithmic and efficiency trade-offs. This research decouples these factors by evaluating MDMs within a decoder-only framework to: (1) Equitably compare MDM (as Any-Order AR) and standard AR paradigms through discrepancies on orders. (2) Investigate MDM architectural impacts on computational efficiency. We show decoder-only MDMs, despite a larger modeling space, can achieve significant inference speedups ($\sim25\times$) and comparable perplexity with techniques like temperature annealing, offering a path to reduced inference compute. This work provides insights for developing more computationally efficient foundation models by disentangling core modeling choices from architectural influences. Code is available at https://github.com/scxue/AO-GPT-MDM.

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Shuchen Xue, Tianyu Xie, Tianyang Hu, Zijin Feng, Jiacheng Sun, Kenji Kawaguchi, Zhenguo Li, Zhi-Ming Ma. 2026-09-01. Any-Order GPT as Masked Diffusion Model: Decoupling Formulation and Architecture. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.19935

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