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arXiv · 2506.23800

Towards the Training of Deeper Predictive Coding Neural Networks

Chang Qi·Matteo Forasassi·Thomas Lukasiewicz·Tommaso Salvatori
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Abstract

Predictive coding networks are neural models that perform inference through an iterative energy minimization process, whose operations are local in space and time. While effective in shallow architectures, they suffer significant performance degradation beyond five to seven layers. In this work, we show that this degradation is caused by exponentially imbalanced errors between layers during weight updates, and by predictions from the previous layers not being effective in guiding updates in deeper layers. Furthermore, when training models with skip connections, the energy propagated by the residuals reaches higher layers faster than that propagated by the main pathway, affecting test accuracy. We address the first issue by introducing a novel precision-weighted optimization of latent variables that balances error distributions during the relaxation phase, the second issue by proposing a novel weight update mechanism that reduces error accumulation in deeper layers, and the third one by using auxiliary neurons that slow down the propagation of the energy in the residual connections. Empirically, our methods achieve performance comparable to backpropagation on deep models such as ResNets, opening new possibilities for predictive coding in complex tasks.

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Chang Qi, Matteo Forasassi, Thomas Lukasiewicz, Tommaso Salvatori. 2025-10-10. Towards the Training of Deeper Predictive Coding Neural Networks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.23800

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