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arXiv · 2507.02287

Seeing Through Green: Text-Based Classification and the Firm's Returns from Green Patents

Lapo Santarlasci·Armando Rungi·Antonio Zinilli
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Abstract

This paper introduces Natural Language Processing for identifying ``true'' green patents from official supporting documents. We start our training on about 12.4 million patents that had been classified as green from previous literature. Thus, we train a simple neural network to enlarge a baseline dictionary through vector representations of expressions related to environmental technologies. After testing, we find that ``true'' green patents represent about 20\% of the total of patents classified as green from previous literature. We show heterogeneity by technological classes, and then check that `true' green patents are about 1\% less cited by following inventions. In the second part of the paper, we test the relationship between patenting and a dashboard of firm-level financial accounts in the European Union. After controlling for reverse causality, we show that holding at least one ``true'' green patent raises sales, market shares, and productivity. If we restrict the analysis to high-novelty ``true'' green patents, we find that they also yield higher profits. Our findings underscore the importance of using text analyses to gauge finer-grained patent classifications that are useful for policymaking in different domains.

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Lapo Santarlasci, Armando Rungi, Antonio Zinilli. 2025-10-16. Seeing Through Green: Text-Based Classification and the Firm's Returns from Green Patents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02287

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