The motion of intruders through soft solids

Abstract

We present the results of an experimental investigation into the motion of large buoyant rigid spheres rising through highly concentrated collections of hydrated hydrogel particles. The concentration of the soft highly poro-elastic particles is such that the mechanical properties of the material are that of a soft solid which can also flow very slowly. Despite the established time-dependent, non-Newtonian character of hydrogel packings, we findthat when the upper surface of the material is free, an immersed buoyant sphere travels through the material at a constant speed. Qualitatively distinct behavior is found when a rigid lid is placed on the surface of the material. In these cases, sublinear time-dependent motion of the sphere is found. The effects of the motion are generally observed to be highly localised around the sphere in all cases. However, when the translational speed of the sphere is constant, it is accompanied by significant flow at the surface of the sample whereas surface movement is suppressed when a lid is present. When the stress exerted on the material is changed by varying the mass of the sphere, its terminal velocity is found to depend exponentially on buoyancy. We use these observations to support a hypothesis which links the exponential stress dependence of the drag coefficient induced by the material to the effects of the boundary conditions on the kinematics of the intruder.