Stability, Complexity and Data-Dependent Worst-Case Generalization Bounds

Mario Tuci; Lennart Bastian; Benjamin Dupuis; Nassir Navab; Tolga Birdal; Umut Şimşekli

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arXiv · 2507.06775

Stability, Complexity and Data-Dependent Worst-Case Generalization Bounds

Mario Tuci·Lennart Bastian·Benjamin Dupuis·Nassir Navab·Tolga Birdal·Umut Şimşekli

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Abstract

Providing generalization guarantees for stochastic optimization algorithms remains a key challenge in learning theory. Recently, numerous works demonstrated the impact of the geometric properties of optimization trajectories on generalization performance. These works propose worst-case generalization bounds in terms of various notions of intrinsic dimension and/or topological complexity, which were found to empirically correlate with the generalization error. However, most of these approaches involve intractable mutual information terms, which limit a full understanding of the bounds. In contrast, some authors built on algorithmic stability to obtain worst-case bounds involving geometric quantities of a combinatorial nature, which are impractical to compute. In this paper, we address these limitations by combining empirically relevant complexity measures with a framework that avoids intractable quantities. To this end, we introduce the concept of \emph{random set stability}, tailored for the data-dependent random sets produced by stochastic optimization algorithms. Within this framework, we show that the worst-case generalization error can be bounded in terms of (i) the random set stability parameter and (ii) empirically relevant, data- and algorithm-dependent complexity measures of the random set. Moreover, our framework improves existing topological generalization bounds by recovering previous complexity notions without relying on mutual information terms. Through a series of experiments in practically relevant settings, we validate our theory by evaluating the tightness of our bounds and the interplay between topological complexity and stability.

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Mario Tuci, Lennart Bastian, Benjamin Dupuis, Nassir Navab, Tolga Birdal, Umut Şimşekli. 2026-01-21. Stability, Complexity and Data-Dependent Worst-Case Generalization Bounds. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06775

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