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arXiv · 2507.14875

The population of hyperluminous X-ray sources as seen by XMM-Newton

Roberta Amato·Erwan Quintin·Hugo Tranin·Andrés Gúrpide·Natalie Webb·Olivier Godet·Gian Luca Israel·Matteo Imbrogno·Elias Kammoun·Maitrayee Gupta
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Abstract

Ultraluminous and hyperluminous X-ray sources (ULXs and HLXs) are among the brightest astrophysical objects in the X-ray sky. While ULXs most likely host stellar-mass compact objects accreting at super-Eddington rates, HLXs are compelling candidates for accreting intermediate-mass black holes. Our goal is to produce a clean sample of HLXs by removing possible contaminants and characterise the spectral properties of the remaining population. Starting with a set of 115 HLXs detected by XMM-Newton, we identified and removed contaminants (AGNs, X-ray diffuse emission detected as point-like, and tidal disruption event candidates) and retrieved 40 sources for which XMM-Newton spectra are available. We fitted them with an absorbed power law model and determined their unabsorbed luminosities and hardness ratios. We constructed the hardness-luminosity diagram, compared the results with the spectral properties of the HLX prototype, ESO 243-49 HLX-1, and conducted a deeper analysis on a few promising candidates. The resulting HLX population spans a luminosity range from $1\times10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$ to nearly $10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and is homogeneously spread in hardness between 0.5 and 5. Half of the population has hardness ratios higher than a typical AGN, and could be considered the extension of the ULX population at higher energies. We found four very soft outliers, which are characterised by steep power law spectra and no X-ray emission above 1$-$2 keV, similarly to ESO 243-49 HLX-1. Those with multi-epoch archival data show changes in luminosity up to almost two orders of magnitudes. We show that sources currently identified as HLXs can be more diverse than ULXs and disentangling between different types of objects is not trivial with currently available data. New observations would be beneficial to expand the current sample and uncover the true nature of many objects of this class.

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Roberta Amato, Erwan Quintin, Hugo Tranin, Andrés Gúrpide, Natalie Webb, Olivier Godet, Gian Luca Israel, Matteo Imbrogno, Elias Kammoun, Maitrayee Gupta. 2025-07-20. The population of hyperluminous X-ray sources as seen by XMM-Newton. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361%2F202555122

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