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arXiv · 2508.14255

Graph Concept Bottleneck Models

Haotian Xu·Tsui-Wei Weng·Lam M. Nguyen·Tengfei Ma
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Abstract

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide explicit interpretations for deep neural networks through concepts and allow intervention with concepts to adjust final predictions. Existing CBMs assume concepts are conditionally independent given labels and isolated from each other, ignoring the hidden relationships among concepts. However, the set of concepts in CBMs often has an intrinsic structure where concepts are generally correlated: changing one concept will inherently impact its related concepts. To mitigate this limitation, we propose GraphCBMs: a new variant of CBM that facilitates concept relationships by constructing latent concept graphs, which can be combined with CBMs to enhance model performance while retaining their interpretability. Our experiment results on real-world image classification tasks demonstrate Graph CBMs offer the following benefits: (1) superior in image classification tasks while providing more concept structure information for interpretability; (2) able to utilize latent concept graphs for more effective interventions; and (3) robust in performance across different training and architecture settings.

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Haotian Xu, Tsui-Wei Weng, Lam M. Nguyen, Tengfei Ma. 2026-04-30. Graph Concept Bottleneck Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14255

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