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arXiv · 2508.16420

Hybrid Sequence Modeling and Reinforced Verification for Controllable Target-Conditioned Decision Making

Yue Pei·Hongming Zhang·Chao Gao·Martin Müller·Yingying Zhang·Mengxiao Zhu·Hao Sheng·Ziliang Chen·Liang Lin·Haogang Zhu
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Abstract

Target-conditioned sequence models provide a simple interface for controllable offline decision making, but the requested target return can be an unreliable control signal, especially when the target return lies in underrepresented regions of the dataset. This paper proposes Doctor, a hybrid sequence modeling and reinforced verification framework for controllable target-conditioned offline decision making. Doctor trains a shared masked trajectory Transformer with two complementary objectives: masked trajectory reconstruction for candidate generation and in-sample value learning for action-value verification. At inference time, the model samples multiple nearby target returns, generates candidate actions in parallel, and selects the action whose verified value is closest to the requested target return. We analyze this verifier-guided selection rule and show that its value-level alignment error is bounded by candidate-value coverage around the target return and verifier accuracy. Experiments on D4RL and EpiCare show that Doctor improves target-return alignment under reduced high-return coverage, remains competitive on standard offline return-maximization benchmarks, and enables a single policy to modulate between conservative and aggressive operating points in a simulated clinical decision-making task. These results suggest that reinforced verification can improve the controllability of target-conditioned policies.

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Yue Pei, Hongming Zhang, Chao Gao, Martin Müller, Yingying Zhang, Mengxiao Zhu, Hao Sheng, Ziliang Chen, Liang Lin, Haogang Zhu. 2026-06-23. Hybrid Sequence Modeling and Reinforced Verification for Controllable Target-Conditioned Decision Making. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16420

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