Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2509.00990

Hybrid Topic-Semantic Labeling and Graph Embeddings for Unsupervised Legal Document Clustering

Deepak Bastola·Woohyeok Choi
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Legal documents pose unique challenges for text classification due to their domain-specific language and often limited labeled data. This paper proposes a hybrid approach for classifying legal texts by combining unsupervised topic and graph embeddings with a supervised model. We employ Top2Vec to learn semantic document embeddings and automatically discover latent topics, and Node2Vec to capture structural relationships via a bipartite graph of legal documents. The embeddings are combined and clustered using KMeans, yielding coherent groupings of documents. Our computations on a legal document dataset demonstrate that the combined Top2Vec+Node2Vec approach improves clustering quality over text-only or graph-only embeddings. We conduct a sensitivity analysis of hyperparameters, such as the number of clusters and the dimensionality of the embeddings, and demonstrate that our method achieves competitive performance against baseline Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) models. Key findings indicate that while the pipeline presents an innovative approach to unsupervised legal document analysis by combining semantic topic modeling with graph embedding techniques, its efficacy is contingent upon the quality of initial topic generation and the representational power of the chosen embedding models for specialized legal language. Strategic recommendations include the exploration of domain-specific embeddings, more comprehensive hyperparameter tuning for Node2Vec, dynamic determination of cluster numbers, and robust human-in-the-loop validation processes to enhance legal relevance and trustworthiness. The pipeline demonstrates potential for exploratory legal data analysis and as a precursor to supervised learning tasks but requires further refinement and domain-specific adaptation for practical legal applications.

Explore related subjects

stat.MLcs.CLcs.LG

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Deepak Bastola, Woohyeok Choi. 2025-08-31. Hybrid Topic-Semantic Labeling and Graph Embeddings for Unsupervised Legal Document Clustering. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00990

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Combinatorial Inference on the Optimal Assortment in Multinomial Logit Models

Assortment optimization has received active explorations in the past few decades due to its practical importance. Despite the extensive literature dealing with optimization algorithms and latent score estimation, uncertainty quantification for the optimal assortment still needs to be explored and is of great practical significance. Instead of estimating and recovering the complete optimal offer set, decision-makers may only be interested in testing whether a given property holds true for the optimal assortment, such as whether they should include several products of interest in the optimal set, or how many categories of products the optimal set should include. This paper proposes a novel inferential framework for testing such properties. We consider the widely adopted multinomial logit (MNL) model, where we assume that each customer will purchase an item within the offered products with a probability proportional to the underlying preference score associated with the product. We reduce inferring a general optimal assortment property to quantifying the uncertainty associated with the sign change point detection of the marginal revenue gaps. We show the asymptotic normality of the marginal revenue gap estimator, and construct a maximum statistic via the gap estimators to detect the sign change point. By approximating the distribution of the maximum statistic with multiplier bootstrap techniques, we propose a valid testing procedure. We also conduct numerical experiments to assess the performance of our method.

stat.ML↗
arXiv2026

C-Learner: Constrained Learning for Causal Inference

Debiasing methods such as augmented inverse propensity weighting (AIPW), and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) enjoy asymptotic properties like semiparametric efficiency and double robustness, but can produce unstable estimates in practice that require ad hoc adjustments (e.g., truncating propensity scores). In contrast, simple plug-ins can remain stable but lack these asymptotic guarantees. To achieve the best of both worlds---a plug-in that enjoys strong asymptotic guarantees---we propose a constrained learning framework that trains a nuisance model to minimize prediction error subject to the constraint that the estimated first-order error of the resulting plug-in is zero. To compare different debiasing methods that share the same classical limit, we study a stylized high-dimensional regression problem where nuisance estimation errors do not vanish asymptotically. Our unified analysis covers both $d n$, as well as ridge regularization, and characterizes how overlap affects the estimators' limiting distributions. Under sufficient overlap, our estimator has smaller asymptotic variance than AIPW and TMLE, whereas when overlap deteriorates so much that AIPW and TMLE are no longer root-$n$ consistent, constrained learning still retains the direct plug-in's root-$n$ limit. Empirically, across a range of experimental settings including those with text-based covariates and language models, we observe our estimator outperforms classical debiasing methods in challenging settings with limited overlap between treatment and control, and performs similarly otherwise.

stat.ML↗
arXiv2026

Small Gradient Norm Regret for Online Convex Optimization

This paper introduces a new problem-dependent regret measure for online convex optimization with smooth losses. The notion, which we call the $G^\star$ regret, depends on the cumulative squared gradient norm evaluated at the decision in hindsight. We show that the $G^\star$ regret strictly refines the existing $L^\star$ (small loss) regret, and that it can be arbitrarily sharper when the losses have vanishing curvature around the hindsight decision. We establish upper and lower bounds on the $G^\star$ regret and extend our results to dynamic regret and bandit settings. As a byproduct, we refine the existing convergence analysis of stochastic optimization algorithms in the interpolation regime. Some experiments validate our theoretical findings.

stat.ML↗