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arXiv · 2509.01292

Specifying Composites in Structural Equation Modeling: Traditional, Recent and New Approaches

Jörg Henseler·Xi Yu·Tamara Schamberger·Gregory R. Hancock·Florian Schuberth
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Abstract

Composites, or linear combinations of variables, play an important role in multivariate behavioral research. They appear in the form of indices, inventories, formative constructs, parcels, and emergent variables. Although structural equation modeling is widely used to study relations between variables, current approaches to incorporating composites have one or more limitations. These limitations include not modeling composite creation, not employing weights as model parameters, not being able to estimate weights, not allowing for composites in endogenous model positions, and not being able to assess whether a composite fully transmits the effects of or on its components. To address these limitations, we propose two novel composite specifications. The first specification combines the refined H-O specification of composites with phantom variables and uses the inverse of the weights as free parameters. The second specification blends the H-O specification with the pseudo-indicator approach of Rose et al. and uses the weights of all but one indicator as free parameters. We demonstrate the applicability of these specifications using an empirical example. The paper concludes with recommendations for choosing among the available composite specifications, as well as suggestions for future research.

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Jörg Henseler, Xi Yu, Tamara Schamberger, Gregory R. Hancock, Florian Schuberth. 2025-09-01. Specifying Composites in Structural Equation Modeling: Traditional, Recent and New Approaches. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.01292

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