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arXiv · 2509.02026

Over-Barrier Ionization Dynamics Studied by Backpropagation

Yongzhe Ma·Qingcao Liu·Hongcheng Ni·Jian Wu
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Abstract

Tunneling and over-barrier ionization are the primary processes of strong-field ionization of atoms and molecules. While the dynamics of tunneling ionization have been extensively studied, exploration of over-barrier ionization dynamics has remained a significant challenge. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of over-barrier ionization using the backpropagation method specifically adapted for this context. By analyzing the topology of the backpropagating trajectories, we differentiate the contributions of tunneling and over-barrier ionizations to the distributions of photoelectron momentum and ionization time. While the transition from tunneling to over-barrier ionization is known to depend on the field strength, our results reveal that it is also influenced by the initial transverse momentum of the outgoing electron. We clarify how ionization probabilities vary with intensity for each mechanism, highlighting a competitive relationship between them. We further find that accounting for the Stark shift is essential for accurately determining the threshold field strength for over-barrier ionization. Our work provides a detailed understanding of the dynamics of over-barrier ionization and lays the groundwork for exploring new mechanisms in intense laser-matter interactions.

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Yongzhe Ma, Qingcao Liu, Hongcheng Ni, Jian Wu. 2025-09-02. Over-Barrier Ionization Dynamics Studied by Backpropagation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02026

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