Understanding sparse autoencoder scaling in the presence of feature manifolds

Eric J. Michaud; Liv Gorton; Tom McGrath

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arXiv · 2509.02565

Understanding sparse autoencoder scaling in the presence of feature manifolds

Eric J. Michaud·Liv Gorton·Tom McGrath

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Abstract

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) model the activations of a neural network as linear combinations of sparsely occurring directions of variation (latents). The ability of SAEs to reconstruct activations follows scaling laws w.r.t. the number of latents. In this work, we adapt a capacity-allocation model from the neural scaling literature (Brill, 2024) to understand SAE scaling, and in particular, to understand how "feature manifolds" (multi-dimensional features) influence scaling behavior. Consistent with prior work, the model recovers distinct scaling regimes. Notably, in one regime, feature manifolds have the pathological effect of causing SAEs to learn far fewer features in data than there are latents in the SAE. We provide some preliminary discussion on whether or not SAEs are in this pathological regime in the wild.

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Eric J. Michaud, Liv Gorton, Tom McGrath. 2025-09-04. Understanding sparse autoencoder scaling in the presence of feature manifolds. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02565

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