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arXiv · 2509.05295

On the convergence of the variational quantum eigensolver and quantum optimal control

Marco Wiedmann·Daniel Burgarth·Gunther Dirr·Thomas Schulte-Herbrüggen·Emanuel Malvetti·Christian Arenz
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Abstract

When do variational quantum algorithms converge to a globally optimal solution? Despite extensive work, this question remains largely open. We develop a convergence theory for the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), using quantum control landscape terminology to prove a sufficient criterion guaranteeing convergence to a Hamiltonian's ground state for almost all initial parameters. Specifically, we show that if (i) the parameterized unitary transformation allows movement in all tangent-space directions in a bounded manner (local surjectivity), and (ii) the gradient descent terminates, then VQE converges almost surely to a ground state. Under similar assumptions, we also guarantee almost-sure convergence to a global optimum on a smaller, closed unitary Lie subgroup, with representation theory providing a criterion for when this optimum is a ground state. We construct examples satisfying condition (i) and analyze two common circuit ansatz families, then discuss regularization techniques that ensure gradient descent terminates and connect to the halting problem.

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Marco Wiedmann, Daniel Burgarth, Gunther Dirr, Thomas Schulte-Herbrüggen, Emanuel Malvetti, Christian Arenz. 2026-09-14. On the convergence of the variational quantum eigensolver and quantum optimal control. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05295

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