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arXiv · 2509.06274

IPR: Intelligent Prompt Routing with User-Controlled Quality-Cost Trade-offs

Aosong Feng·Balasubramaniam Srinivasan·Yun Zhou·Zhichao Xu·Kang Zhou·Sheng Guan·Yueyan Chen·Xian Wu·Ninad Kulkarni·Yi Zhang·Zhengyuan Shen·Dmitriy Bespalov·Soumya Smruti Mishra·Yifei Teng·Darren Yow-Bang Wang·Haibo Ding·Lin Lee Cheong
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Abstract

Routing incoming queries to the most cost-effective LLM while maintaining response quality poses a fundamental challenge in optimizing performance-cost trade-offs for large-scale commercial systems. We present IPR\, -- \,a quality-constrained \textbf{I}ntelligent \textbf{P}rompt \textbf{R}outing framework that dynamically selects optimal models based on predicted response quality and user-specified tolerance levels. IPR introduces three key innovations: (1) a modular architecture with lightweight quality estimators trained on 1.5M prompts annotated with calibrated quality scores, enabling fine-grained quality prediction across model families; (2) a user-controlled routing mechanism with tolerance parameter $τ\in [0,1]$ that provides explicit control over quality-cost trade-offs; and (3) an extensible design using frozen encoders with model-specific adapters, reducing new model integration from days to hours. To rigorously train and evaluate IPR, we curate an industrial-level dataset IPRBench\footnote{IPRBench will be released upon legal approval.}, a comprehensive benchmark containing 1.5 million examples with response quality annotations across 11 LLM candidates. Deployed on a major cloud platform, IPR achieves 43.9\% cost reduction while maintaining quality parity with the strongest model in the Claude family and processes requests with sub-150ms latency. The deployed system and additional product details are publicly available at https://aws.amazon.com/bedrock/intelligent-prompt-routing/

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Aosong Feng, Balasubramaniam Srinivasan, Yun Zhou, Zhichao Xu, Kang Zhou, Sheng Guan, Yueyan Chen, Xian Wu, Ninad Kulkarni, Yi Zhang, Zhengyuan Shen, Dmitriy Bespalov, Soumya Smruti Mishra, Yifei Teng, Darren Yow-Bang Wang, Haibo Ding, Lin Lee Cheong. 2025-10-09. IPR: Intelligent Prompt Routing with User-Controlled Quality-Cost Trade-offs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.06274

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