Reviving WIMP dark matter with temperature-dependent couplings

Abstract

The persistent null results at dark matter (DM) direct-detection experiments have pushed the popular weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) DM to tight corners. Generic WIMP models with direct-detection rate below the current upper limits often lead to a thermally overproduced relic abundance after freeze-out. To resolve this conundrum, we propose a novel scenario where DM has temperature-dependent couplings with the standard model (SM) bath. A scalar field having a large vacuum expectation value (VEV) at high temperatures generates sizeable DM-SM interactions leading to efficient DM annihilations responsible for generating the desired thermal relic. At lower temperatures, the scalar field VEV settles down to a small value as a result of a phase transition which can generically be of first order, effectively leading to suppressed DM-SM interaction rate at low temperature, consistent with null results at direct-detection experiments. Upper bound on thermal DM mass forces the first-order phase transition (FOPT) to occur at scales such that the corresponding gravitational wave signal remains within reach of future experiments like LISA.