Sketched Gaussian Mechanism for Private Federated Learning

Qiaobo Li; Zhijie Chen; Arindam Banerjee

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arXiv · 2509.08195

Sketched Gaussian Mechanism for Private Federated Learning

Qiaobo Li·Zhijie Chen·Arindam Banerjee

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Abstract

Communication cost and privacy are two major considerations in federated learning (FL). For communication cost, gradient compression by sketching the clients' transmitted model updates is often used for reducing per-round communication. For privacy, the Gaussian mechanism (GM), which consists of clipping updates and adding Gaussian noise, is commonly used to guarantee client-level differential privacy. Existing literature on private FL analyzes privacy of sketching and GM in an isolated manner, illustrating that sketching provides privacy determined by the sketching dimension and that GM has to supply any additional desired privacy. In this paper, we introduce the Sketched Gaussian Mechanism (SGM), which directly combines sketching and the Gaussian mechanism for privacy. Using Rényi-DP tools, we present a joint analysis of SGM's overall privacy guarantee, which is significantly more flexible and sharper compared to isolated analysis of sketching and GM privacy. In particular, we prove that the privacy level of SGM for a fixed noise magnitude is proportional to $1/\sqrt{b}$, where $b$ is the sketching dimension, indicating that (for moderate $b$) SGM can provide much stronger privacy guarantees than the original GM under the same noise budget. We demonstrate the application of SGM to FL with either gradient descent or adaptive server optimizers, and establish theoretical results on optimization convergence, which exhibits only a logarithmic dependence on the number of parameters $d$. Experimental results confirm that at the same privacy level, SGM based FL is at least competitive with non-sketching private FL variants and outperforms them in some settings. Moreover, using adaptive optimization at the server improves empirical performance while maintaining the privacy guarantees.

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Qiaobo Li, Zhijie Chen, Arindam Banerjee. 2025-09-09. Sketched Gaussian Mechanism for Private Federated Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08195

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