Hadamard-Based Recursive Aperture Decoded Ultrasound Imaging (READI) With Estimated Motion-Compensated Compounding (EMC2) Using Top-Orthogonal to Bottom Electrode (TOBE) Arrays

Tyler Keith Henry; Darren Dahunsi; Randy Palamar; Negar Majidi; Ying Wan; Mohammad Rahim Sobhani; Afshin Kashani Ilkhechi; Roger Zemp

arXiv · 2509.08781

Hadamard-Based Recursive Aperture Decoded Ultrasound Imaging (READI) With Estimated Motion-Compensated Compounding (EMC2) Using Top-Orthogonal to Bottom Electrode (TOBE) Arrays

Tyler Keith Henry·Darren Dahunsi·Randy Palamar·Negar Majidi·Ying Wan·Mohammad Rahim Sobhani·Afshin Kashani Ilkhechi·Roger Zemp

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Abstract

Hadamard matrix-based aperture encoding is a method for producing synthetic aperture datasets with high Signal-to-Noise Ratios. Recently, the pulse inversion capabilities of bias-sensitive Top-Orthogonal to Bottom Electrode (TOBE) arrays have driven the development of multiple Hadamard-based sequences. These sequences produce high-quality static images but are sensitive to motion. This work introduces Recursive Aperture Decoded Imaging (READI) and Estimated Motion-Compensated Compounding (EMC2), which look to reduce this sensitivity. READI is a novel decoding and beamforming technique for Hadamard aperture-encoded sequences that produces multiple low-resolution images from subsets of the full sequence. These READI images are less affected by motion and sum to form the complete high-resolution image. EMC2 describes the process of comparing these low-resolution images to estimate the underlying motion, then warping them to align before compounding. This produces a high-resolution image that is resiliant to motion. READI with EMC2 applied to the TOBE-based Fast Orthogonal Row-Column Electronic Scanning (FORCES) sequence. It is shown to fully restore images corrupted by probe motion and to recover tissue speckle and boundaries in images of a beating heart phantom. READI low-resolution images by themselves are demonstrated to be a marked improvement over a sparse Hadamard scheme with the same transmit count, and are able to recover blood speckle at a flow rate of 42 cm/s.

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Tyler Keith Henry, Darren Dahunsi, Randy Palamar, Negar Majidi, Ying Wan, Mohammad Rahim Sobhani, Afshin Kashani Ilkhechi, Roger Zemp. 2026-06-04. Hadamard-Based Recursive Aperture Decoded Ultrasound Imaging (READI) With Estimated Motion-Compensated Compounding (EMC2) Using Top-Orthogonal to Bottom Electrode (TOBE) Arrays. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08781

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