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arXiv · 2509.09576

Build-up and survival of the disc: From numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way

Matthew D. A. Orkney·Chervin F. P. Laporte
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Abstract

We study the build-up and survival of angular momentum in the stellar disc using a statistical suite of cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies. Our results show that stellar kinematics at $z=0$ rarely recover the true times of disc spin-up, due to the disruptive impact of massive radial merger events. The proto-disc (i.e. Aurora) and kicked-up disc stars (the Splash) become indistinguishable at low metallicities, and the local fraction of kicked-up disc stars remains $<20$ per cent even after major mergers. In contrast, observations from Gaia and legacy surveys reveal that Galactic $α$-rich populations as old as $τ=13.5\,\rm{Gyr}$ show significant rotation, with median $η> 0.75$. This places strong constraints on the total merger ratio between the proto-Milky Way and its last significant merger (Gaia-Sausage Enceladus, GSE), favouring minor mergers with mass ratios $< 1:4$. We present the age-metallicity relation for the stellar halo and estimate the interaction epoch at $τ_{\rm{spin\text{-}up}}\simeqτ_{\rm{GSE}}\sim11\,\rm{Gyr}$. We note an abrupt dearth of halo and Splash stars after a lookback time of $10\,\rm{Gyr}$, marking the end of the merger interaction. Finally, we show that Globular Clusters in the metallicity range $-0.8<\rm{[Fe/H]}<-0.3$ share a formation time of $τ_{\rm{starburst}}\sim11\,\rm{Gyr}$, which we interpret as a signature of a starburst triggered by the first pericentric interaction of the GSE. This is remarkable corroboration between our GSE interaction and starburst times of $τ_{\rm GSE}=τ_{\rm starburst} \sim 11\,$Gyr.

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Matthew D. A. Orkney, Chervin F. P. Laporte. 2026-04-10. Build-up and survival of the disc: From numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras%2Fstaf2154

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