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arXiv · 2509.17831

The origin of the intra-cluster light in The Three Hundred simulations

A. Contreras-Santos·A. Knebe·W. Cui·I. Alonso Asensio·C. Dalla Vecchia·R. Haggar·R. A. Mostoghiu Paun·F. R. Pearce·E. Rasia·G. Martin·S. E. Nuza·G. Yepes
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Abstract

We investigate the origin and formation mechanisms of the intra-cluster light (ICL) in The Three Hundred simulations, a set of 324 hydrodynamically resimulated massive galaxy clusters. The ICL, a diffuse component of stars not bound to individual galaxies, serves as a key tracer of cluster formation and evolution. Using two hydrodynamics implementations, Gadget-X and Gizmo-Simba, we identify the stellar particles comprising the ICL at z=0 and trace them back in time to the moments when they were formed and accreted into the ICL. Across our 324 clusters, half of the present-day ICL mass is typically in place between $z \sim $ 0.2 and 0.5. The main ICL formation channel is the stripping of stars from subhalos after their infall into the host cluster. Within this channel, 65-80 per cent of the ICL comes from objects with stellar (infall) masses above $10^{11}$ M$_\odot$, i.e., massive galaxies, groups and clusters. Considering the ratio of the infalling halo to the total cluster mass, a median of 35 per cent of the mass is brought in major merger events, though this percentage varies significantly across clusters (15-55 per cent). Additional contributions come from minor mergers (25-35 per cent) and smooth accretion (20-50 per cent). The primary contributors typically infall at $z \leq 1$, with smaller fractions arriving at redshifts between 1 and 2. Regarding other formation channels, we find minor contributions from stars formed in subhalos after their infall and stars stripped while their contributing halo remains outside the host cluster (and can eventually fall inside or stay outside). Finally, for our two sets of simulations, we find medians of 12 (Gadget-X) and 2 (Gizmo-Simba) per cent of the ICL mass formed in-situ, that is, directly as part of the diffuse component. However, this component can be attributed to stripping of gas in high-velocity infalling satellite galaxies.

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A. Contreras-Santos, A. Knebe, W. Cui, I. Alonso Asensio, C. Dalla Vecchia, R. Haggar, R. A. Mostoghiu Paun, F. R. Pearce, E. Rasia, G. Martin, S. E. Nuza, G. Yepes. 2025-09-22. The origin of the intra-cluster light in The Three Hundred simulations. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361%2F202554248

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