DESI Strong Lens Foundry IV: Spectroscopic Confirmation of DESI Lens Candidates with VLT/MUSE

Emerald Lin; Ivonne Toro Bertolla; Aleksandar Cikota; Xiaosheng Huang; Christopher J. Storfer; Marcos Tamargo-Arizmendi; David J. Schlegel; William Sheu; Nao Suzuki

arXiv · 2509.18078

DESI Strong Lens Foundry IV: Spectroscopic Confirmation of DESI Lens Candidates with VLT/MUSE

Emerald Lin·Ivonne Toro Bertolla·Aleksandar Cikota·Xiaosheng Huang·Christopher J. Storfer·Marcos Tamargo-Arizmendi·David J. Schlegel·William Sheu·Nao Suzuki

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Abstract

We present integral field spectroscopic observations of 76 strong gravitational lens candidates identified with a residual neural network in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, obtained with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the ESO's Very Large Telescope. These observations are part of an ongoing effort to build a large, spectroscopically confirmed sample of strong lensing systems for studies on dark matter, galaxy structure, and cosmology. Our MUSE program targets both lens and source redshifts, with particular emphasis on southern hemisphere systems. MUSE's wide spectral coverage and integral field capability allow for efficient identification of multiple sources, lens environments, and weak spectral features. Redshifts for lenses and sources were obtained via manual identification of spectral features in extracted 1D spectra. Our dataset includes systems with complex configurations, such as multiple source planes and group or cluster-scale environments. We extracted and analyzed 223 spectra, successfully determining both the lens and the source redshifts for 55 gravitational lens systems. For an additional 15 targets, we measured the redshifts of the lenses but were unable to determine the redshifts of the background sources. Six targets were confirmed to not be gravitational lenses. The results presented here complement space-based imaging from our HST SNAPshot program and spectroscopic follow-up with DESI and Keck, and have lasting legacy value for identifying interesting high redshift sources and complex lensing configurations.

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Emerald Lin, Ivonne Toro Bertolla, Aleksandar Cikota, Xiaosheng Huang, Christopher J. Storfer, Marcos Tamargo-Arizmendi, David J. Schlegel, William Sheu, Nao Suzuki. 2026-06-11. DESI Strong Lens Foundry IV: Spectroscopic Confirmation of DESI Lens Candidates with VLT/MUSE. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18078

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